1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Ring Varistor Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Ring Varistor Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Ring Varistor Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Ring Varistor Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Ring Varistor Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Ring Varistor Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Ring Varistor Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Ring Varistor Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Ring Varistor Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Ring Varistor Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Ring Varistor Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Ring Varistor Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Ring Varistor Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Ring Varistor Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Ring Varistor Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Ring Varistor Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Zinc Oxide
4.1.3 Strontium Titanate
4.1.4 Other
4.2 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type – Global Ring Varistor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Automotive DC Motor
5.1.3 Other
5.2 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application – Global Ring Varistor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region – Global Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country – North America Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country – North America Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country – Europe Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country – Europe Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region – Asia Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region – Asia Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country – South America Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country – South America Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country – Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Ring Varistor Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 TDK
7.1.1 TDK Company Summary
7.1.2 TDK Business Overview
7.1.3 TDK Ring Varistor Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 TDK Ring Varistor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 TDK Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 TAIYO YUDEN
7.2.1 TAIYO YUDEN Company Summary
7.2.2 TAIYO YUDEN Business Overview
7.2.3 TAIYO YUDEN Ring Varistor Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 TAIYO YUDEN Ring Varistor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 TAIYO YUDEN Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity
7.3.1 Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Company Summary
7.3.2 Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Business Overview
7.3.3 Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Ring Varistor Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Ring Varistor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Sinochip Electronics
7.4.1 Sinochip Electronics Company Summary
7.4.2 Sinochip Electronics Business Overview
7.4.3 Sinochip Electronics Ring Varistor Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Sinochip Electronics Ring Varistor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Sinochip Electronics Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Longke Electronic (Huiyang)
7.5.1 Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Company Summary
7.5.2 Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Business Overview
7.5.3 Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Ring Varistor Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Ring Varistor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology
7.6.1 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Company Summary
7.6.2 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Business Overview
7.6.3 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Ring Varistor Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Ring Varistor Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Ring Varistor Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Ring Varistor Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Ring Varistor Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Ring Varistor Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Ring Varistor Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Ring Varistor Industry Value Chain
10.2 Ring Varistor Upstream Market
10.3 Ring Varistor Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Ring Varistor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Key Players of Ring Varistor in Global Market
Table 2. Top Ring Varistor Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Ring Varistor Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Ring Varistor Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Ring Varistor Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Ring Varistor Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Ring Varistor Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Ring Varistor Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Ring Varistor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Ring Varistor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region – Global Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. TDK Company Summary
Table 47. TDK Ring Varistor Product Offerings
Table 48. TDK Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. TDK Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. TAIYO YUDEN Company Summary
Table 51. TAIYO YUDEN Ring Varistor Product Offerings
Table 52. TAIYO YUDEN Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. TAIYO YUDEN Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Company Summary
Table 55. Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Ring Varistor Product Offerings
Table 56. Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Guangzhou Newlife Magnet Electricity Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Sinochip Electronics Company Summary
Table 59. Sinochip Electronics Ring Varistor Product Offerings
Table 60. Sinochip Electronics Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Sinochip Electronics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Company Summary
Table 63. Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Ring Varistor Product Offerings
Table 64. Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Longke Electronic (Huiyang) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Company Summary
Table 67. Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Ring Varistor Product Offerings
Table 68. Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Ring Varistor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Ring Varistor Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 71. Global Ring Varistor Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 72. Global Ring Varistor Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 73. Global Ring Varistor Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 74. Ring Varistor Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. Ring Varistor Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. Ring Varistor Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. Ring Varistor Raw Materials
Table 78. Ring Varistor Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical Ring Varistor Downstream
Table 80. Ring Varistor Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. Ring Varistor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Ring Varistor Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Ring Varistor Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Ring Varistor Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Ring Varistor Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Ring Varistor Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Ring Varistor Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Ring Varistor Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global Ring Varistor Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global Ring Varistor Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ring Varistor Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE Ring Varistor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global Ring Varistor Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Ring Varistor by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. Ring Varistor Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
※参考情報 リングバリスタ(Ring Varistor)は、主に過電圧保護素子として用いられる電子部品であり、その特性や用途において重要な役割を果たしています。バリスタは本来、電圧の変化に対して抵抗値が変動する特性を持った非線形素子ですが、リング型の形状を持つことから、特定の用途や特性を持つことが特徴です。ここでは、リングバリスタの概念を詳しく説明いたします。 リングバリスタの定義に関してですが、これは主に過電圧やサージ電流から回路を保護するために使用される抵抗素子の一種です。バリスタは通常、圧縮された酸化亜鉛や他の半導体材料で構成されており、その非線形特性から、所定の電圧を超えると急激に抵抗値が低下し、過剰な電流を通すことでシステムを保護します。リングバリスタは、その名の通りリング状の形状をしており、これにより取り付けの容易さやコンパクトなデザインが実現されています。 次に、リングバリスタの特徴について述べます。まず、リングバリスタは高い耐圧特性を持っており、過電圧の影響を効率的に吸収することができます。そして、動作速度が非常に迅速であり、瞬時に障害を検知し、サージを排除するため、電気機器の保護において非常に重要です。また、リング状のデザインは、他の部品との取付けが容易で、スペースの制約がある回路でも使いやすいという利点があります。さらに、耐久性があり、長期間の使用に耐えることができるため、様々な環境条件下での信頼性が確保されています。 リングバリスタにはいくつかの種類が存在します。一般的には、サージアブソーバ型やエネルギー吸収型などが挙げられます。サージアブソーバ型は、主に高電圧のスパイクやトランジェントに対して保護効果を発揮し、エネルギー吸収型は、主に高エネルギーのサージに対して効果的です。また、これらの種類は、それぞれの特性や使用目的に応じて選ばれることが重要です。さらに、リングバリスタは異常時に過熱を防ぐ機能があり、安全性の面でも優れています。 用途については非常に多岐にわたります。例えば、電力供給系統の保護、通信機器、電源装置、家電製品、産業機器など、あらゆる電子機器の中で使用されています。特に、電力変換器やインバータ回路など、過電圧が発生しやすい環境においては、その重要性が増します。また、通信機器においては、雷による過電圧サージから機器を保護する役割も果たしています。これにより、設備全体の信頼性向上や寿命延長に寄与しています。 関連技術についても触れなければなりません。リングバリスタは、他の保護素子と組み合わせて使用されることが一般的です。例えば、トランジェント・ボルテージ・サプレッサー(TVSダイオード)やフィルター素子と併用されることで、より高度な過電圧保護システムを構築することが可能です。これにより、電気機器を多角的に保護し、より高いレベルの耐障害性を実現しています。 また、リングバリスタの製造技術も重要な要素です。特に、酸化亜鉛を基本とした材料の開発が進んでおり、より優れた特性を持つバリスタが市場に投入されています。今後も、材料科学や電子工学の進展により、さらに高性能なリングバリスタが次々と登場すると予想されます。 まとめると、リングバリスタは過電圧保護に特化した抵抗素子であり、そのリング型のデザインにより、取り付けの容易さと性能の向上を実現しています。耐圧特性、迅速な応答速度、耐久性など、多くの特徴を持ち、さまざまな電子機器で幅広く使用されています。さらに、他の保護技術との組み合わせや、材料技術の進展により、今後ますます重要な役割を果たすであろう素子です。 このように、リングバリスタは電気回路やデバイスの安全性を確保するための非常に重要な部品であり、技術の avanc化に伴い、ますますその重要性は増していくでしょう。近年の電子機器の小型化や高性能化に伴い、リングバリスタの需要も高まっているため、さらなる研究と開発が期待されています。結果として、より安全で効率的な電気機器の設計と動作が実現されることになるでしょう。 |
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