1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Linear Motor Drive Technology Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Linear Motor Drive Technology Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Electromagnetic
4.1.3 Non-Electromagnetic
4.2 By Type – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Logistics And Transportation
5.1.3 Industrial Equipment
5.1.4 Information And Automation
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country – North America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2029
6.3.2 US Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.3 Canada Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.4 Mexico Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country – Europe Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 Germany Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.3 France Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 U.K. Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Italy Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.6 Russia Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.8 Benelux Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region – Asia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 China Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Japan Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 South Korea Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 India Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country – South America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 Brazil Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.3 Argentina Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 Turkey Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Israel Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.5 UAE Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies Profiles
7.1 MC Machinery Systems
7.1.1 MC Machinery Systems Company Summary
7.1.2 MC Machinery Systems Business Overview
7.1.3 MC Machinery Systems Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 MC Machinery Systems Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 MC Machinery Systems Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Changzhou Fulling Motor
7.2.1 Changzhou Fulling Motor Company Summary
7.2.2 Changzhou Fulling Motor Business Overview
7.2.3 Changzhou Fulling Motor Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Changzhou Fulling Motor Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Changzhou Fulling Motor Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 DD Auto Tech
7.3.1 DD Auto Tech Company Summary
7.3.2 DD Auto Tech Business Overview
7.3.3 DD Auto Tech Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 DD Auto Tech Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 DD Auto Tech Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Norgren
7.4.1 Norgren Company Summary
7.4.2 Norgren Business Overview
7.4.3 Norgren Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Norgren Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Norgren Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 H2W Technologies
7.5.1 H2W Technologies Company Summary
7.5.2 H2W Technologies Business Overview
7.5.3 H2W Technologies Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 H2W Technologies Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 H2W Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Tecnotion
7.6.1 Tecnotion Company Summary
7.6.2 Tecnotion Business Overview
7.6.3 Tecnotion Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Tecnotion Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Tecnotion Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Nippon Pulse
7.7.1 Nippon Pulse Company Summary
7.7.2 Nippon Pulse Business Overview
7.7.3 Nippon Pulse Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Nippon Pulse Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Nippon Pulse Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 NTI AG
7.8.1 NTI AG Company Summary
7.8.2 NTI AG Business Overview
7.8.3 NTI AG Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 NTI AG Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 NTI AG Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Kollmorgen
7.9.1 Kollmorgen Company Summary
7.9.2 Kollmorgen Business Overview
7.9.3 Kollmorgen Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Kollmorgen Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Kollmorgen Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Motor Power Company
7.10.1 Motor Power Company Company Summary
7.10.2 Motor Power Company Business Overview
7.10.3 Motor Power Company Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Motor Power Company Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Motor Power Company Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Yaskawa America
7.11.1 Yaskawa America Company Summary
7.11.2 Yaskawa America Business Overview
7.11.3 Yaskawa America Linear Motor Drive Technology Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Yaskawa America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Yaskawa America Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of Linear Motor Drive Technology in Global Market
Table 5. Top Linear Motor Drive Technology Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Linear Motor Drive Technology Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Application – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 15. By Application - Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 17. By Region – Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 18. By Region - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 20. By Country - North America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 22. By Country - Europe Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Asia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - South America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 30. MC Machinery Systems Company Summary
Table 31. MC Machinery Systems Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 32. MC Machinery Systems Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. MC Machinery Systems Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. Changzhou Fulling Motor Company Summary
Table 35. Changzhou Fulling Motor Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 36. Changzhou Fulling Motor Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. Changzhou Fulling Motor Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. DD Auto Tech Company Summary
Table 39. DD Auto Tech Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 40. DD Auto Tech Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. DD Auto Tech Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. Norgren Company Summary
Table 43. Norgren Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 44. Norgren Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. Norgren Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. H2W Technologies Company Summary
Table 47. H2W Technologies Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 48. H2W Technologies Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. H2W Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Tecnotion Company Summary
Table 51. Tecnotion Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 52. Tecnotion Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. Tecnotion Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Nippon Pulse Company Summary
Table 55. Nippon Pulse Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 56. Nippon Pulse Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 57. Nippon Pulse Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. NTI AG Company Summary
Table 59. NTI AG Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 60. NTI AG Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 61. NTI AG Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Kollmorgen Company Summary
Table 63. Kollmorgen Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 64. Kollmorgen Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 65. Kollmorgen Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Motor Power Company Company Summary
Table 67. Motor Power Company Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 68. Motor Power Company Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 69. Motor Power Company Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Yaskawa America Company Summary
Table 71. Yaskawa America Linear Motor Drive Technology Product Offerings
Table 72. Yaskawa America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 73. Yaskawa America Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Linear Motor Drive Technology Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Linear Motor Drive Technology Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 9. By Application - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Application - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 14. By Region - Global Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Country - North America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. US Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 17. Canada Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 18. Mexico Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 19. By Country - Europe Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. Germany Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 21. France Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 22. U.K. Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 23. Italy Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Russia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Nordic Countries Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. Benelux Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Region - Asia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. China Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. Japan Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. South Korea Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. India Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. By Country - South America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 34. Brazil Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. Argentina Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. Turkey Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Israel Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. UAE Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. MC Machinery Systems Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. Changzhou Fulling Motor Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. DD Auto Tech Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. Norgren Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. H2W Technologies Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. Tecnotion Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 47. Nippon Pulse Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 48. NTI AG Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 49. Kollmorgen Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 50. Motor Power Company Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 51. Yaskawa America Linear Motor Drive Technology Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
※参考情報 リニアモーター駆動技術は、電気的な力を直接的に直線的な運動に変換することができる先進的な駆動技術の一つです。従来の回転モーターと比較して、リニアモーターは直線運動を直接生成するため、機械的な変換部品が不要となり、高効率かつ高精度な動作が可能となります。 リニアモーターの定義について考えてみると、これは基本的に電磁石と永久磁石を用いたシステムで、両者の間に生じる電磁力によって移動体を直線的に移動させる仕組みです。この技術は、浮上、推進、および制御の各要素を電気的に管理することにより、高度な制御が実現できます。そのため、リニアモーターはさまざまな産業や用途において役立つ技術となっています。 リニアモーターの特徴としては、以下のような点が挙げられます。まず一つ目は、高速性です。リニアモーターは、回転運動に比べて瞬時に力を発揮できるため、高速での移動が可能となります。二つ目は、高精度です。位置決め精度が高く、微細な動作を必要とする場合においても安定した動作が実現できます。三つ目は、メンテナンスが容易であるという点です。摩耗部品が少なく、長期的な稼働においても信頼性が高いことが特徴です。加えて、低ノイズという特性もあり、静かな運転を要する環境でも適しています。 リニアモーターにはいくつかの種類があります。代表的なものとしては、リニア誘導モーター(LIM)やリニア永久磁石モーター(LPMS)などがあります。リニア誘導モーターは、主に鉄道や産業用輸送システムで使用され、高速で長距離の移動が可能です。一方、リニア永久磁石モーターは、精密な位置制御を必要とするロボット技術や電子機器の駆動などに適しています。その他にも、リニアスイッチングモーターやリニアオシレーションモーターなど、特定の用途に応じたさまざまなタイプが開発されています。 リニアモーターの主な用途は、産業機械、輸送機器、医療機器、ロボティクスなど多岐にわたります。例えば、リニアモーターを利用した輸送システムとしては、リニアモーターカーやマグレブと呼ばれる磁気浮上式鉄道があります。これらは日常の交通手段としての活用が期待されています。また、リニアモーターは、高精度を要求される半導体製造装置や自動化機器にも利用されており、製造業においてもその重要性は高まっています。さらに、医療分野でも、リニアモーターを用いた手術用ロボットなど、高度な技術を要する機器においてその優れた特性が生かされています。 関連技術としては、センサー技術や制御技術が挙げられます。リニアモーターの制御には、高精度なセンサーが必要であり、位置検出や速度制御を行うために、光学センサー、磁気センサー、またはレーザーセンサーなどが活用されます。また、制御技術においては、PID制御やフィードフォワード制御といった高度な制御技術が駆使され、リニアモーターの性能を最大限に引き出すための工夫が施されています。 リニアモーター駆動技術は、環境負荷の低減という観点からも注目されています。従来の駆動方式に比べてエネルギー効率が高いため、運用コストの削減にも寄与します。また、摩耗部品が少ないことから、廃棄物の発生を抑えることができ、持続可能な技術としての側面も持っています。 さらに、リニアモーター技術は、今後の自動運転社会やAI(人工知能)を活用した産業の発展においても重要な役割を果たします。これらの技術と連携することで、より高度な自動化が実現し、効率化された製造プロセスや物流システムが構築されることが期待されています。 リニアモーター駆動技術の発展には、様々な課題も存在します。例えば、コストの問題や、大型化による設置スペースの実用性、または環境に対する影響などが挙げられます。しかし、これらの課題に対しては不断の研究開発が進められ、技術の革新が続いています。 総じて、リニアモーター駆動技術は精度、高速、そして高効率な特性を持ち、多くの分野での応用が進んでいます。今後も、社会のニーズや技術の進歩に応じて、その利用範囲はますます広がることでしょう。この革新的な技術が作り出す未来に、期待が寄せられています。 |
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