• 1 Executive Summary
o 1.1 Market overview
o Exhibit 01: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Overview
o Exhibit 02: Executive Summary – Data Table on Market Overview
o Exhibit 03: Executive Summary – Chart on Global Market Characteristics
o Exhibit 04: Executive Summary – Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
o Exhibit 05: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Technology
o Exhibit 06: Executive Summary – Chart on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 07: Executive Summary – Data Table on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 08: Executive Summary – Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
• 2 Market Landscape
o 2.1 Market ecosystem
o Exhibit 09: Parent market
o Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics
• 3 Market Sizing
o 3.1 Market definition
o Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
o 3.2 Market segment analysis
o Exhibit 12: Market segments
o 3.3 Market size 2021
o 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
o Exhibit 13: Chart on Global – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
• 4 Five Forces Analysis
o 4.1 Five forces summary
o Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis – Comparison between 2021 and 2026
o 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
o Exhibit 18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers – Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
o 4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
o Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.4 Threat of new entrants
o Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.5 Threat of substitutes
o Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.6 Threat of rivalry
o Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.7 Market condition
o Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition – Five forces 2021 and 2026
• 5 Market Segmentation by Technology
o 5.1 Market segments
o Exhibit 24: Chart on Technology – Market share 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 25: Data Table on Technology – Market share 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.2 Comparison by Technology
o Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by Technology
o Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by Technology
o 5.3 Immunoassay – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 28: Chart on Immunoassay – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 29: Data Table on Immunoassay – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 30: Chart on Immunoassay – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 31: Data Table on Immunoassay – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.4 Molecular diagnostics – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 32: Chart on Molecular diagnostics – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 33: Data Table on Molecular diagnostics – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 34: Chart on Molecular diagnostics – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 35: Data Table on Molecular diagnostics – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.5 Clinical chemistry – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 36: Chart on Clinical chemistry – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 37: Data Table on Clinical chemistry – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 38: Chart on Clinical chemistry – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 39: Data Table on Clinical chemistry – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.6 Hematology – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 40: Chart on Hematology – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 41: Data Table on Hematology – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 42: Chart on Hematology – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 43: Data Table on Hematology – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.7 Others – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 44: Chart on Others – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 45: Data Table on Others – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 46: Chart on Others – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 47: Data Table on Others – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.8 Market opportunity by Technology
o Exhibit 48: Market opportunity by Technology ($ billion)
• 6 Customer Landscape
o 6.1 Customer landscape overview
o Exhibit 49: Analysis of price sensitivity、lifecycle、customer purchase basket、adoption rates、and purchase criteria
• 7 Geographic Landscape
o 7.1 Geographic segmentation
o Exhibit 50: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 51: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.2 Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 52: Chart on Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 53: Data Table on Geographic comparison
o 7.3 North America – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 54: Chart on North America – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 55: Data Table on North America – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 56: Chart on North America – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 57: Data Table on North America – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.4 Europe – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 58: Chart on Europe – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 59: Data Table on Europe – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 60: Chart on Europe – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 61: Data Table on Europe – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.5 Asia – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 62: Chart on Asia – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 63: Data Table on Asia – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 64: Chart on Asia – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 65: Data Table on Asia – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.6 Rest of World (ROW) – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 66: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 67: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 68: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 69: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.7 US – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 70: Chart on US – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 71: Data Table on US – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 72: Chart on US – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 73: Data Table on US – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.8 China – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 74: Chart on China – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 75: Data Table on China – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 76: Chart on China – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 77: Data Table on China – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.9 Japan – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 78: Chart on Japan – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 79: Data Table on Japan – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 80: Chart on Japan – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 81: Data Table on Japan – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.10 Germany – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 82: Chart on Germany – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 83: Data Table on Germany – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 84: Chart on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 85: Data Table on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.11 Canada – Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 86: Chart on Canada – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 87: Data Table on Canada – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 88: Chart on Canada – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 89: Data Table on Canada – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.12 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
o Exhibit 90: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
• 8 Drivers、Challenges、and Trends
o 8.1 Market drivers
o 8.2 Market challenges
o 8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
o Exhibit 91: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
o 8.4 Market trends
• 9 Vendor Landscape
o 9.1 Overview
o 9.2 Vendor landscape
o Exhibit 92: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
o 9.3 Landscape disruption
o Exhibit 93: Overview on factors of disruption
o 9.4 Industry risks
o Exhibit 94: Impact of key risks on business
• 10 Vendor Analysis
o 10.1 Vendors covered
o Exhibit 95: Vendors covered
o 10.2 Market positioning of vendors
o Exhibit 96: Matrix on vendor position and classification
o 10.3 Abbott Laboratories
o Exhibit 97: Abbott Laboratories – Overview
o Exhibit 98: Abbott Laboratories – Business segments
o Exhibit 99: Abbott Laboratories – Key news
o Exhibit 100: Abbott Laboratories – Key offerings
o Exhibit 101: Abbott Laboratories – Segment focus
o 10.4 Danaher Corp.
o Exhibit 102: Danaher Corp. – Overview
o Exhibit 103: Danaher Corp. – Business segments
o Exhibit 104: Danaher Corp. – Key news
o Exhibit 105: Danaher Corp. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 106: Danaher Corp. – Segment focus
o 10.5 DiaSorin SpA
o Exhibit 107: DiaSorin SpA – Overview
o Exhibit 108: DiaSorin SpA – Business segments
o Exhibit 109: DiaSorin SpA – Key news
o Exhibit 110: DiaSorin SpA – Key offerings
o Exhibit 111: DiaSorin SpA – Segment focus
o 10.6 F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd.
o Exhibit 112: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Overview
o Exhibit 113: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Business segments
o Exhibit 114: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Key news
o Exhibit 115: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 116: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Segment focus
o 10.7 Illumina Inc.
o Exhibit 117: Illumina Inc. – Overview
o Exhibit 118: Illumina Inc. – Business segments
o Exhibit 119: Illumina Inc. – Key news
o Exhibit 120: Illumina Inc. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 121: Illumina Inc. – Segment focus
o 10.8 Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc
o Exhibit 122: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Overview
o Exhibit 123: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Business segments
o Exhibit 124: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Key offerings
o Exhibit 125: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Segment focus
o 10.9 Quest Diagnostics Inc.
o Exhibit 126: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Overview
o Exhibit 127: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Business segments
o Exhibit 128: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 129: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Segment focus
o 10.10 Siemens AG
o Exhibit 130: Siemens AG – Overview
o Exhibit 131: Siemens AG – Business segments
o Exhibit 132: Siemens AG – Key news
o Exhibit 133: Siemens AG – Key offerings
o Exhibit 134: Siemens AG – Segment focus
o 10.11 Sysmex Corp
o Exhibit 135: Sysmex Corp – Overview
o Exhibit 136: Sysmex Corp – Business segments
o Exhibit 137: Sysmex Corp – Key offerings
o Exhibit 138: Sysmex Corp – Segment focus
o 10.12 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
o Exhibit 139: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Overview
o Exhibit 140: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Business segments
o Exhibit 141: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Key news
o Exhibit 142: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 143: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Segment focus
• 11 Appendix
o 11.1 Scope of the report
o 11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
o Exhibit 144: Inclusions checklist
o Exhibit 145: Exclusions checklist
o 11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
o Exhibit 146: Currency conversion rates for US$
o 11.4 Research methodology
o Exhibit 147: Research methodology
o Exhibit 148: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
o Exhibit 149: Information sources
o 11.5 List of abbreviations
o Exhibit 150: List of abbreviations
Exhibits:
Exhibits1: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits2: Executive Summary – Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits3: Executive Summary – Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits4: Executive Summary – Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits5: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Technology
Exhibits6: Executive Summary – Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits7: Executive Summary – Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits8: Executive Summary – Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits9: Parent market
Exhibits10: Market Characteristics
Exhibits11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits12: Market segments
Exhibits13: Chart on Global – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits14: Data Table on Global – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits17: Five forces analysis – Comparison between 2021 and 2026
Exhibits18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers – Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
Exhibits19: Bargaining power of suppliers – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits20: Threat of new entrants – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits21: Threat of substitutes – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits22: Threat of rivalry – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits23: Chart on Market condition – Five forces 2021 and 2026
Exhibits24: Chart on Technology – Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits25: Data Table on Technology – Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits26: Chart on Comparison by Technology
Exhibits27: Data Table on Comparison by Technology
Exhibits28: Chart on Immunoassay – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits29: Data Table on Immunoassay – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits30: Chart on Immunoassay – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits31: Data Table on Immunoassay – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits32: Chart on Molecular diagnostics – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits33: Data Table on Molecular diagnostics – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits34: Chart on Molecular diagnostics – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits35: Data Table on Molecular diagnostics – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits36: Chart on Clinical chemistry – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits37: Data Table on Clinical chemistry – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits38: Chart on Clinical chemistry – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits39: Data Table on Clinical chemistry – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits40: Chart on Hematology – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits41: Data Table on Hematology – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits42: Chart on Hematology – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits43: Data Table on Hematology – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits44: Chart on Others – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits45: Data Table on Others – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits46: Chart on Others – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits47: Data Table on Others – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits48: Market opportunity by Technology ($ billion)
Exhibits49: Analysis of price sensitivity、lifecycle、customer purchase basket、adoption rates、and purchase criteria
Exhibits50: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits51: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits52: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits53: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits54: Chart on North America – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits55: Data Table on North America – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits56: Chart on North America – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits57: Data Table on North America – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits58: Chart on Europe – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits59: Data Table on Europe – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits60: Chart on Europe – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits61: Data Table on Europe – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits62: Chart on Asia – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits63: Data Table on Asia – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits64: Chart on Asia – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits65: Data Table on Asia – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits66: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits67: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits68: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits69: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits70: Chart on US – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits71: Data Table on US – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits72: Chart on US – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits73: Data Table on US – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits74: Chart on China – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits75: Data Table on China – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits76: Chart on China – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits77: Data Table on China – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits78: Chart on Japan – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits79: Data Table on Japan – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits80: Chart on Japan – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits81: Data Table on Japan – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits82: Chart on Germany – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits83: Data Table on Germany – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits84: Chart on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits85: Data Table on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits86: Chart on Canada – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits87: Data Table on Canada – Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits88: Chart on Canada – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits89: Data Table on Canada – Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits90: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
Exhibits91: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits92: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits93: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits94: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits95: Vendors covered
Exhibits96: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits97: Abbott Laboratories – Overview
Exhibits98: Abbott Laboratories – Business segments
Exhibits99: Abbott Laboratories – Key news
Exhibits100: Abbott Laboratories – Key offerings
Exhibits101: Abbott Laboratories – Segment focus
Exhibits102: Danaher Corp. – Overview
Exhibits103: Danaher Corp. – Business segments
Exhibits104: Danaher Corp. – Key news
Exhibits105: Danaher Corp. – Key offerings
Exhibits106: Danaher Corp. – Segment focus
Exhibits107: DiaSorin SpA – Overview
Exhibits108: DiaSorin SpA – Business segments
Exhibits109: DiaSorin SpA – Key news
Exhibits110: DiaSorin SpA – Key offerings
Exhibits111: DiaSorin SpA – Segment focus
Exhibits112: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Overview
Exhibits113: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Business segments
Exhibits114: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Key news
Exhibits115: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Key offerings
Exhibits116: F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. – Segment focus
Exhibits117: Illumina Inc. – Overview
Exhibits118: Illumina Inc. – Business segments
Exhibits119: Illumina Inc. – Key news
Exhibits120: Illumina Inc. – Key offerings
Exhibits121: Illumina Inc. – Segment focus
Exhibits122: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Overview
Exhibits123: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Business segments
Exhibits124: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Key offerings
Exhibits125: Ortho Clinical Diagnostics plc – Segment focus
Exhibits126: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Overview
Exhibits127: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Business segments
Exhibits128: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Key offerings
Exhibits129: Quest Diagnostics Inc. – Segment focus
Exhibits130: Siemens AG – Overview
Exhibits131: Siemens AG – Business segments
Exhibits132: Siemens AG – Key news
Exhibits133: Siemens AG – Key offerings
Exhibits134: Siemens AG – Segment focus
Exhibits135: Sysmex Corp – Overview
Exhibits136: Sysmex Corp – Business segments
Exhibits137: Sysmex Corp – Key offerings
Exhibits138: Sysmex Corp – Segment focus
Exhibits139: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Overview
Exhibits140: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Business segments
Exhibits141: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Key news
Exhibits142: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Key offerings
Exhibits143: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Segment focus
Exhibits144: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits145: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits146: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits147: Research methodology
Exhibits148: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits149: Information sources
Exhibits150: List of abbreviations
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